| Total N | n Female | N male | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 721 | 498 | 223 |
| Australia | 2138 | 1101 | 1037 |
| Austria | 1368 | 731 | 637 |
| Bangladesh | 396 | 217 | 179 |
| Belgium | 1145 | 468 | 677 |
| Bolivia | 29 | 17 | 12 |
| Brazil | 1811 | 1086 | 725 |
| Bulgaria | 647 | 424 | 223 |
| Canada | 954 | 579 | 375 |
| Chile | 97 | 63 | 34 |
| China | 1030 | 505 | 525 |
| Colombia | 1249 | 784 | 465 |
| Costa Rica | 25 | 9 | 16 |
| Croatia | 507 | 264 | 243 |
| Cuba | 43 | 22 | 21 |
| Denmark | 566 | 280 | 286 |
| Dominican Republic | 36 | 29 | 7 |
| Ecuador | 148 | 82 | 66 |
| El Salvador | 28 | 15 | 13 |
| Finland | 653 | 317 | 336 |
| France | 1107 | 606 | 501 |
| Germany | 1537 | 772 | 765 |
| Ghana | 188 | 59 | 129 |
| Greece | 635 | 222 | 413 |
| Guatemala | 48 | 21 | 27 |
| Honduras | 24 | 17 | 7 |
| Hungary | 501 | 258 | 243 |
| India | 604 | 248 | 356 |
| Iraq | 543 | 263 | 280 |
| Ireland | 737 | 494 | 243 |
| Israel | 1250 | 634 | 616 |
| Italy | 1262 | 679 | 583 |
| Japan | 1150 | 589 | 561 |
| Latvia | 1003 | 633 | 370 |
| Mexico | 1243 | 626 | 617 |
| Morocco | 623 | 333 | 290 |
| Nepal | 345 | 183 | 162 |
| Netherlands | 1286 | 598 | 688 |
| New Zealand | 508 | 255 | 253 |
| Nicaragua | 16 | 10 | 6 |
| Nigeria | 555 | 274 | 281 |
| North Macedonia | 684 | 386 | 298 |
| Norway | 526 | 284 | 242 |
| Pakistan | 477 | 256 | 221 |
| Panama | 18 | 12 | 6 |
| Paraguay | 16 | 14 | 2 |
| Peru | 91 | 41 | 50 |
| Philippines | 508 | 256 | 252 |
| Poland | 1806 | 895 | 911 |
| Puerto Rico* | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Romania | 997 | 504 | 493 |
| Russia | 557 | 294 | 263 |
| Senegal | 302 | 109 | 193 |
| Serbia | 758 | 561 | 197 |
| Singapore | 542 | 280 | 262 |
| Slovakia | 1254 | 626 | 628 |
| South Africa | 585 | 438 | 147 |
| South Korea | 491 | 231 | 260 |
| Spain | 1077 | 353 | 724 |
| Sweden | 1552 | 631 | 921 |
| Switzerland | 1056 | 537 | 519 |
| Taiwan | 833 | 419 | 414 |
| Turkey | 1436 | 735 | 701 |
| Ukraine | 577 | 303 | 274 |
| United Arab Emirates | 184 | 89 | 95 |
| United Kingdom | 547 | 280 | 267 |
| United States | 1489 | 762 | 727 |
| Uruguay | 49 | 34 | 15 |
| Venezuela | 96 | 54 | 42 |
Note. * = sample too small to be included in analysis below
Â
| mean F | SD F | mean M | SD M | t | df | d | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 8.44 | 1.44 | 8.02 | 1.44 | -3.42 | 392.5 | 0.09 | .001* |
| Australia | 7.77 | 1.78 | 7.12 | 1.78 | -8.51 | 2133.61 | 0.13 | < .001** |
| Austria | 8.09 | 1.58 | 7.68 | 1.58 | -4.78 | 1341.04 | 0.09 | < .001** |
| Bangladesh | 8.76 | 1.33 | 8.54 | 1.33 | -1.66 | 388.82 | 0.33 | .098 |
| Belgium | 8.12 | 1.37 | 7.51 | 1.37 | -7.02 | 1067.52 | 0 | < .001** |
| Bolivia | 8.05 | 1.56 | 8.52 | 1.56 | 0.86 | 25.61 | -0.45 | .398 |
| Brazil | 8.67 | 1.4 | 8.05 | 1.4 | -8.06 | 1329.01 | 0.05 | < .001** |
| Bulgaria | 8.33 | 1.75 | 8.07 | 1.75 | -1.83 | 457.45 | 0.29 | .067 |
| Canada | 8.12 | 1.67 | 7.58 | 1.67 | -4.63 | 753.2 | 0.17 | < .001** |
| Chile | 8.36 | 1.4 | 7.8 | 1.4 | -1.86 | 66.54 | 0.47 | .067 |
| China | 7.58 | 1.28 | 7.61 | 1.28 | 0.41 | 1027.93 | 0 | .680 |
| Colombia | 8.46 | 1.51 | 8.09 | 1.51 | -3.9 | 874.38 | 0.11 | < .001** |
| Costa Rica | 8.24 | 1.6 | 7.95 | 1.6 | -0.47 | 14.4 | -0.74 | .648 |
| Croatia | 7.91 | 1.79 | 7.19 | 1.79 | -4.55 | 503.29 | 0.16 | < .001** |
| Cuba | 8.87 | 1.57 | 8.91 | 1.57 | 0.09 | 40.68 | 0.14 | .927 |
| Denmark | 6.76 | 1.83 | 7.38 | 1.83 | 4.01 | 563.82 | -0.05 | < .001** |
| Dominican Republic | 8.99 | 1.32 | 7.66 | 1.32 | -1.92 | 7.79 | -0.25 | .092 |
| Ecuador | 8.21 | 1.41 | 8.2 | 1.41 | -0.02 | 137.1 | -0.17 | .986 |
| El Salvador | 8.53 | 1.4 | 8.4 | 1.4 | -0.24 | 24.71 | 0.09 | .812 |
| Finland | 7.95 | 1.48 | 7.29 | 1.48 | -5.28 | 648.24 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| France | 7.15 | 1.69 | 6.77 | 1.69 | -3.77 | 1064.53 | 0.07 | < .001** |
| Germany | 7.39 | 2.02 | 7.09 | 2.02 | -3.07 | 1527.98 | 0.18 | .002* |
| Ghana | 5.51 | 1.52 | 5.55 | 1.52 | 0.18 | 122.77 | 0.12 | .855 |
| Greece | 8.59 | 1.19 | 7.93 | 1.19 | -6.06 | 547.77 | 0.34 | < .001** |
| Guatemala | 9.19 | 1.07 | 8.23 | 1.07 | -2.39 | 44.36 | -0.35 | .021* |
| Honduras | 9.15 | 1.3 | 8.69 | 1.3 | -0.88 | 12.98 | 0.53 | .394 |
| Hungary | 8.39 | 1.49 | 7.69 | 1.49 | -5.01 | 489.28 | 0.22 | < .001** |
| India | 8.46 | 1.48 | 8.44 | 1.48 | -0.15 | 567.24 | 0.05 | .884 |
| Iraq | 7.81 | 1.69 | 7.69 | 1.69 | -0.84 | 539.78 | -0.05 | .403 |
| Ireland | 8.7 | 1.18 | 8.25 | 1.18 | -4.48 | 437.97 | 0.29 | < .001** |
| Israel | 8.46 | 1.43 | 8.05 | 1.43 | -4.78 | 1217.88 | 0.2 | < .001** |
| Italy | 7.7 | 1.64 | 7.15 | 1.64 | -5.88 | 1228.75 | 0.07 | < .001** |
| Japan | 6.4 | 1.59 | 6.02 | 1.59 | -4.26 | 1147.97 | 0.08 | < .001** |
| Latvia | 7.36 | 1.74 | 6.43 | 1.74 | -7.76 | 719.78 | 0.41 | < .001** |
| Mexico | 8.47 | 1.48 | 8.16 | 1.48 | -3.52 | 1229.42 | -0.04 | < .001** |
| Morocco | 8.09 | 1.77 | 7.72 | 1.77 | -2.59 | 605.58 | 0.1 | .010* |
| Nepal | 8.66 | 1.36 | 8.14 | 1.36 | -3.34 | 324.22 | 0.18 | .001* |
| Netherlands | 8.05 | 1.36 | 7.42 | 1.36 | -7.86 | 1282.99 | 0.27 | < .001** |
| New Zealand | 7.23 | 1.74 | 8.03 | 1.74 | 5.46 | 500.89 | 0.01 | < .001** |
| Nicaragua | 8.18 | 1.78 | 8.63 | 1.78 | 0.52 | 11.41 | -0.35 | .615 |
| Nigeria | 8.76 | 1.43 | 8.58 | 1.43 | -1.46 | 552.89 | -0.11 | .144 |
| North Macedonia | 8.44 | 1.46 | 7.84 | 1.46 | -4.8 | 578.15 | 0.09 | < .001** |
| Norway | 8.32 | 1.47 | 7.52 | 1.47 | -5.98 | 499.72 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| Pakistan | 8.52 | 1.51 | 7.95 | 1.51 | -3.64 | 423.13 | -0.02 | < .001** |
| Panama | 8.4 | 1.93 | 8.63 | 1.93 | 0.29 | 13.6 | -0.2 | .773 |
| Paraguay | 8.2 | 1.5 | 7.3 | 1.5 | -1.12 | 1.75 | 0.84 | .394 |
| Peru | 7.9 | 1.64 | 8.27 | 1.64 | 1.09 | 83.37 | -0.15 | .280 |
| Philippines | 8.29 | 1.7 | 8.05 | 1.7 | -1.64 | 505.35 | 0.03 | .101 |
| Poland | 7.7 | 1.76 | 7.17 | 1.76 | -6.42 | 1802.64 | 0.22 | < .001** |
| Puerto Rico | 9.8 | - | 9 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Romania | 7.98 | 1.8 | 7.66 | 1.8 | -2.84 | 994.59 | 0.08 | .005* |
| Russia | 7.71 | 1.86 | 7.15 | 1.86 | -3.58 | 549.08 | 0.17 | < .001** |
| Senegal | 8.55 | 1.63 | 8.24 | 1.63 | -1.62 | 224.95 | 0.02 | .107 |
| Serbia | 8.37 | 1.62 | 7.9 | 1.62 | -3.38 | 334.08 | 0.29 | .001* |
| Singapore | 7.6 | 1.7 | 7.19 | 1.7 | -2.85 | 539.92 | -0.14 | .005* |
| Slovakia | 7.71 | 1.66 | 7.14 | 1.66 | -6.08 | 1251.82 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| South Africa | 8.89 | 1.16 | 8.28 | 1.16 | -4.54 | 208.36 | 0.36 | < .001** |
| South Korea | 6.81 | 1.6 | 6.69 | 1.6 | -0.79 | 482.19 | -0.09 | .429 |
| Spain | 8.47 | 1.3 | 7.97 | 1.3 | -5.59 | 788.67 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| Sweden | 8.51 | 1.25 | 7.83 | 1.25 | -9.54 | 1512.41 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| Switzerland | 7.52 | 1.75 | 6.83 | 1.75 | -6.55 | 1053.76 | 0.06 | < .001** |
| Taiwan | 6.71 | 1.58 | 6.61 | 1.58 | -0.95 | 830.97 | -0.15 | .341 |
| Turkey | 8.2 | 1.61 | 7.76 | 1.61 | -4.8 | 1401.97 | 0.19 | < .001** |
| Ukraine | 7.96 | 1.57 | 7.14 | 1.57 | -6.19 | 565.45 | 0.05 | < .001** |
| United Arab Emirates | 8.66 | 1.39 | 8.26 | 1.39 | -1.79 | 181.23 | 0.21 | .075 |
| United Kingdom | 8.85 | 1.13 | 8.2 | 1.13 | -5.99 | 514.83 | 0.32 | < .001** |
| United States | 7.63 | 1.96 | 7.03 | 1.96 | -6.11 | 1484.33 | -0.22 | < .001** |
| Uruguay | 8.24 | 1.39 | 7.89 | 1.39 | -0.61 | 20.36 | 0.14 | .551 |
| Venezuela | 8.37 | 1.98 | 8.45 | 1.98 | 0.22 | 93.99 | -0.12 | .829 |
Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001
Â
| Total N | n Female | N male | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 721 | 498 | 223 |
| Australia | 2142 | 1103 | 1039 |
| Austria | 1389 | 738 | 651 |
| Bangladesh | 399 | 220 | 179 |
| Belgium | 1156 | 471 | 685 |
| Bolivia | 29 | 17 | 12 |
| Brazil | 1819 | 1091 | 728 |
| Bulgaria | 654 | 428 | 226 |
| Canada | 956 | 580 | 376 |
| Chile | 97 | 63 | 34 |
| China | 1030 | 505 | 525 |
| Colombia | 1261 | 792 | 469 |
| Costa Rica | 25 | 9 | 16 |
| Croatia | 511 | 266 | 245 |
| Cuba | 43 | 22 | 21 |
| Denmark | 566 | 280 | 286 |
| Dominican Republic | 36 | 29 | 7 |
| Ecuador | 148 | 82 | 66 |
| El Salvador | 28 | 15 | 13 |
| Finland | 653 | 317 | 336 |
| France | 1112 | 610 | 502 |
| Germany | 1581 | 794 | 787 |
| Ghana | 205 | 67 | 138 |
| Greece | 635 | 222 | 413 |
| Guatemala | 48 | 21 | 27 |
| Honduras | 24 | 17 | 7 |
| Hungary | 505 | 260 | 245 |
| India | 626 | 262 | 364 |
| Iraq | 551 | 264 | 287 |
| Ireland | 741 | 496 | 245 |
| Israel | 1251 | 636 | 615 |
| Italy | 1271 | 683 | 588 |
| Japan | 1157 | 591 | 566 |
| Latvia | 1003 | 633 | 370 |
| Mexico | 1251 | 628 | 623 |
| Morocco | 641 | 340 | 301 |
| Nepal | 349 | 186 | 163 |
| Netherlands | 1296 | 602 | 694 |
| New Zealand | 509 | 256 | 253 |
| Nicaragua | 16 | 10 | 6 |
| Nigeria | 562 | 279 | 283 |
| North Macedonia | 699 | 392 | 307 |
| Norway | 531 | 284 | 247 |
| Pakistan | 483 | 258 | 225 |
| Panama | 18 | 12 | 6 |
| Paraguay | 16 | 14 | 2 |
| Peru | 91 | 41 | 50 |
| Philippines | 511 | 257 | 254 |
| Poland | 1806 | 895 | 911 |
| Puerto Rico* | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Romania | 1001 | 507 | 494 |
| Russia | 557 | 294 | 263 |
| Senegal | 326 | 118 | 208 |
| Serbia | 768 | 567 | 201 |
| Singapore | 544 | 281 | 263 |
| Slovakia | 1260 | 630 | 630 |
| South Africa | 629 | 468 | 161 |
| South Korea | 494 | 234 | 260 |
| Spain | 1089 | 357 | 732 |
| Sweden | 1564 | 635 | 929 |
| Switzerland | 1056 | 537 | 519 |
| Taiwan | 833 | 419 | 414 |
| Turkey | 1445 | 739 | 706 |
| Ukraine | 577 | 303 | 274 |
| United Arab Emirates | 187 | 91 | 96 |
| United Kingdom | 548 | 280 | 268 |
| United States | 1494 | 767 | 727 |
| Uruguay | 49 | 34 | 15 |
| Venezuela | 96 | 54 | 42 |
Note. * = sample too small to be included in analysis below
Â
| mean F | SD F | mean M | SD M | t | df | d | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 5.67 | 2.26 | 5.47 | 2.26 | -1.1 | 425.98 | 0.09 | .272 |
| Australia | 5.59 | 1.98 | 5.32 | 1.98 | -3 | 2115.11 | 0.13 | .003* |
| Austria | 5.08 | 2.07 | 4.9 | 2.07 | -1.7 | 1374.66 | 0.09 | .089 |
| Bangladesh | 6.32 | 2.08 | 5.6 | 2.08 | -3.22 | 362.43 | 0.33 | .001* |
| Belgium | 4.75 | 1.84 | 4.75 | 1.84 | -0.01 | 1050.5 | 0 | .989 |
| Bolivia | 5.89 | 2.05 | 6.77 | 2.05 | 1.18 | 24.87 | -0.45 | .250 |
| Brazil | 6.11 | 2.07 | 5.99 | 2.07 | -1.16 | 1472.52 | 0.06 | .247 |
| Bulgaria | 5.48 | 2.28 | 4.82 | 2.28 | -3.37 | 433.96 | 0.28 | .001* |
| Canada | 5.2 | 1.8 | 4.88 | 1.8 | -2.51 | 733.9 | 0.17 | .012* |
| Chile | 5.93 | 2.15 | 4.88 | 2.15 | -2.1 | 61.15 | 0.47 | .039* |
| China | 6.44 | 1.51 | 6.44 | 1.51 | -0.07 | 1025.55 | 0 | .944 |
| Colombia | 5.87 | 2.26 | 5.61 | 2.26 | -1.93 | 960.85 | 0.11 | .054 |
| Costa Rica | 4.58 | 1.85 | 6.21 | 1.85 | 1.86 | 21.02 | -0.74 | .077 |
| Croatia | 5.2 | 2.09 | 4.87 | 2.09 | -1.83 | 509 | 0.16 | .067 |
| Cuba | 7.25 | 2.66 | 6.91 | 2.66 | -0.44 | 40.94 | 0.14 | .665 |
| Denmark | 4.47 | 2.05 | 4.58 | 2.05 | 0.59 | 563.91 | -0.05 | .558 |
| Dominican Republic | 6.83 | 2.36 | 7.37 | 2.36 | 0.83 | 17.32 | -0.25 | .417 |
| Ecuador | 6.04 | 2.34 | 6.43 | 2.34 | 1.03 | 141.47 | -0.17 | .306 |
| El Salvador | 4.96 | 2.95 | 4.68 | 2.95 | -0.23 | 23.96 | 0.09 | .818 |
| Finland | 4.1 | 1.97 | 3.48 | 1.97 | -3.99 | 648.76 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| France | 5.37 | 1.89 | 5.24 | 1.89 | -1.12 | 1067.69 | 0.07 | .262 |
| Germany | 4.61 | 2.22 | 4.22 | 2.22 | -3.57 | 1578.1 | 0.18 | < .001** |
| Ghana | 4.61 | 2.35 | 4.42 | 2.35 | -0.53 | 137.06 | 0.08 | .597 |
| Greece | 4.97 | 1.73 | 4.38 | 1.73 | -4.1 | 465.34 | 0.34 | < .001** |
| Guatemala | 5.56 | 2.28 | 6.38 | 2.28 | 1.18 | 44.64 | -0.35 | .243 |
| Honduras | 7.88 | 1.85 | 6.94 | 1.85 | -1.16 | 11.6 | 0.53 | .271 |
| Hungary | 5.68 | 2.12 | 5.23 | 2.12 | -2.41 | 502.54 | 0.21 | .016* |
| India | 5.08 | 2.47 | 5.04 | 2.47 | -0.19 | 532.77 | 0.02 | .851 |
| Iraq | 5.8 | 1.79 | 5.85 | 1.79 | 0.31 | 548.9 | -0.03 | .756 |
| Ireland | 5.17 | 2.01 | 4.57 | 2.01 | -3.75 | 482.47 | 0.29 | < .001** |
| Israel | 5.17 | 2.04 | 4.79 | 2.04 | -3.34 | 1247.88 | 0.19 | .001* |
| Italy | 5.95 | 1.94 | 5.8 | 1.94 | -1.38 | 1243.15 | 0.08 | .168 |
| Japan | 4.51 | 1.68 | 4.37 | 1.68 | -1.3 | 1146.15 | 0.08 | .193 |
| Latvia | 5.17 | 1.87 | 4.39 | 1.87 | -6.28 | 758.91 | 0.41 | < .001** |
| Mexico | 6.11 | 2.3 | 6.18 | 2.3 | 0.54 | 1248.11 | -0.03 | .592 |
| Morocco | 5.31 | 2.27 | 5.1 | 2.27 | -1.13 | 625.2 | 0.09 | .257 |
| Nepal | 6.76 | 1.74 | 6.44 | 1.74 | -1.63 | 336.05 | 0.18 | .105 |
| Netherlands | 5.06 | 1.91 | 4.53 | 1.91 | -4.87 | 1282.91 | 0.27 | < .001** |
| New Zealand | 5.4 | 1.9 | 5.35 | 1.9 | -0.27 | 506.78 | 0.02 | .785 |
| Nicaragua | 5.42 | 3.22 | 6.43 | 3.22 | 0.65 | 11.68 | -0.35 | .527 |
| Nigeria | 7.11 | 2 | 7.32 | 2 | 1.28 | 555.87 | -0.11 | .203 |
| North Macedonia | 5.42 | 2.18 | 5.23 | 2.18 | -1.15 | 660.82 | 0.09 | .249 |
| Norway | 5.08 | 1.88 | 4.51 | 1.88 | -3.55 | 525.3 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| Pakistan | 5.99 | 1.89 | 6.02 | 1.89 | 0.15 | 464.07 | -0.01 | .880 |
| Panama | 5.57 | 2.29 | 6.07 | 2.29 | 0.32 | 7.26 | -0.2 | .758 |
| Paraguay | 6.51 | 2.65 | 4.5 | 2.65 | -2.33 | 6.88 | 0.84 | .054 |
| Peru | 5.7 | 2.19 | 6.04 | 2.19 | 0.71 | 87.2 | -0.15 | .478 |
| Philippines | 6.57 | 2.03 | 6.51 | 2.03 | -0.34 | 507.11 | 0.03 | .730 |
| Poland | 5.68 | 1.96 | 5.25 | 1.96 | -4.73 | 1796.3 | 0.22 | < .001** |
| Puerto Rico | 8.8 | - | 6.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Romania | 6.05 | 2.14 | 5.89 | 2.14 | -1.28 | 993.51 | 0.08 | .201 |
| Russia | 4.26 | 2.14 | 3.9 | 2.14 | -1.96 | 545.13 | 0.17 | .050 |
| Senegal | 5.47 | 2.28 | 5.55 | 2.28 | 0.31 | 268.65 | -0.03 | .758 |
| Serbia | 4.51 | 2.27 | 3.86 | 2.27 | -3.73 | 377.33 | 0.3 | < .001** |
| Singapore | 5.44 | 1.88 | 5.7 | 1.88 | 1.65 | 541.55 | -0.14 | .100 |
| Slovakia | 5.81 | 2.04 | 5.19 | 2.04 | -5.49 | 1257.86 | 0.31 | < .001** |
| South Africa | 6.05 | 2.13 | 5.23 | 2.13 | -4.07 | 266.99 | 0.38 | < .001** |
| South Korea | 6.03 | 1.54 | 6.15 | 1.54 | 0.95 | 476.26 | -0.09 | .340 |
| Spain | 5.39 | 1.98 | 4.77 | 1.98 | -4.89 | 711.96 | 0.32 | < .001** |
| Sweden | 5.07 | 2.02 | 4.43 | 2.02 | -6.11 | 1359.93 | 0.32 | < .001** |
| Switzerland | 4.95 | 1.97 | 4.84 | 1.97 | -0.91 | 1053.9 | 0.06 | .361 |
| Taiwan | 4.97 | 1.75 | 5.25 | 1.75 | 2.21 | 821.58 | -0.15 | .027* |
| Turkey | 6.18 | 2.39 | 5.73 | 2.39 | -3.74 | 1439.36 | 0.2 | < .001** |
| Ukraine | 4.44 | 2.11 | 4.32 | 2.11 | -0.64 | 545.09 | 0.05 | .521 |
| United Arab Emirates | 6.14 | 1.81 | 5.71 | 1.81 | -1.5 | 183.14 | 0.22 | .135 |
| United Kingdom | 4.85 | 2.09 | 4.2 | 2.09 | -3.75 | 545.99 | 0.32 | < .001** |
| United States | 5.84 | 2 | 6.31 | 2 | 4.27 | 1450.77 | -0.22 | < .001** |
| Uruguay | 5.42 | 2.28 | 5.11 | 2.28 | -0.45 | 27.87 | 0.14 | .655 |
| Venezuela | 5.93 | 2.73 | 6.23 | 2.73 | 0.58 | 92.37 | -0.12 | .560 |
Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001
Â
| mean age | SD age | mean internalization | SD internalization | N | r | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 47.38 | 15.29 | 8.31 | 1.5 | 721 | 0.151 | < .001** |
| Australia | 46.92 | 17.58 | 7.45 | 1.79 | 2150 | -0.205 | < .001** |
| Austria | 49.77 | 14.18 | 7.9 | 1.59 | 1371 | 0.098 | < .001** |
| Bangladesh | 32.06 | 10.9 | 8.65 | 1.28 | 390 | -0.225 | < .001** |
| Belgium | 46.2 | 18.65 | 7.76 | 1.49 | 1146 | 0.154 | < .001** |
| Bolivia | 43.41 | 12.98 | 8.24 | 1.47 | 29 | 0.389 | .037* |
| Brazil | 37.2 | 14.07 | 8.42 | 1.57 | 1820 | 0.091 | < .001** |
| Bulgaria | 30.54 | 10.98 | 8.24 | 1.74 | 639 | 0.043 | .275 |
| Canada | 43.41 | 17.39 | 7.91 | 1.74 | 961 | -0.074 | .022* |
| Chile | 49.21 | 15.47 | 8.16 | 1.43 | 97 | -0.033 | .750 |
| China | 43.24 | 14.02 | 7.59 | 1.31 | 1030 | 0.07 | .025* |
| Colombia | 40.54 | 15.36 | 8.33 | 1.6 | 1247 | 0.129 | < .001** |
| Costa Rica | 44.64 | 12.73 | 8.06 | 1.42 | 25 | 0.082 | .696 |
| Croatia | 45.94 | 14.55 | 7.57 | 1.81 | 509 | 0.016 | .714 |
| Cuba | 48.65 | 12.73 | 8.89 | 1.46 | 43 | -0.027 | .863 |
| Denmark | 48.69 | 17.54 | 7.07 | 1.86 | 566 | 0.055 | .192 |
| Dominican Republic | 40.39 | 12.46 | 8.73 | 1.48 | 36 | -0.095 | .580 |
| Ecuador | 40.64 | 11.98 | 8.21 | 1.43 | 148 | 0.05 | .550 |
| El Salvador | 46.43 | 11.51 | 8.47 | 1.43 | 28 | 0.222 | .257 |
| Finland | 38.64 | 13.77 | 7.62 | 1.64 | 685 | 0.091 | .017* |
| France | 43.13 | 16.16 | 6.97 | 1.71 | 1111 | -0.096 | .001* |
| Germany | 49.34 | 16.16 | 7.24 | 1.95 | 1543 | -0.051 | .045* |
| Ghana | 31.58 | 7.8 | 5.51 | 1.61 | 190 | -0.225 | .002* |
| Greece | 29.77 | 11.43 | 8.15 | 1.44 | 637 | 0.112 | .005* |
| Guatemala | 44.67 | 13.31 | 8.65 | 1.52 | 48 | 0.182 | .215 |
| Honduras | 39.25 | 14.3 | 9.02 | 1.25 | 24 | -0.075 | .728 |
| Hungary | 48.57 | 16.52 | 8.05 | 1.59 | 501 | 0.055 | .222 |
| India | 32.74 | 11.71 | 8.44 | 1.59 | 610 | -0.063 | .118 |
| Iraq | 31.02 | 14.25 | 7.75 | 1.71 | 548 | -0.001 | .983 |
| Ireland | 38.26 | 14.66 | 8.54 | 1.26 | 734 | 0.051 | .170 |
| Israel | 41.13 | 15.25 | 8.25 | 1.54 | 1249 | 0.058 | .040* |
| Italy | 46.74 | 16.7 | 7.45 | 1.67 | 1265 | 0.034 | .230 |
| Japan | 47.1 | 15.23 | 6.2 | 1.57 | 1153 | -0.037 | .206 |
| Latvia | 45.6 | 14.11 | 7.01 | 1.86 | 1006 | 0.029 | .359 |
| Mexico | 47.8 | 13.77 | 8.32 | 1.55 | 1244 | 0.165 | < .001** |
| Morocco | 32.02 | 12.58 | 7.92 | 1.79 | 625 | -0.037 | .350 |
| Nepal | 28.01 | 7.62 | 8.42 | 1.46 | 347 | 0.141 | .009* |
| Netherlands | 49.61 | 16.81 | 7.71 | 1.48 | 1286 | 0.155 | < .001** |
| New Zealand | 45.73 | 17.62 | 7.63 | 1.7 | 509 | -0.095 | .032* |
| Nicaragua | 42.75 | 14.84 | 8.35 | 1.69 | 16 | -0.048 | .861 |
| Nigeria | 32.11 | 10.87 | 8.67 | 1.45 | 521 | 0.064 | .144 |
| North Macedonia | 38 | 11.55 | 8.18 | 1.61 | 680 | 0.159 | < .001** |
| Norway | 47.05 | 17.36 | 7.95 | 1.56 | 527 | 0.022 | .607 |
| Pakistan | 26.96 | 8.43 | 8.29 | 1.68 | 473 | 0.076 | .097 |
| Panama | 44.11 | 17.32 | 8.48 | 1.72 | 18 | 0.153 | .545 |
| Paraguay | 38.94 | 9.33 | 8.09 | 1.45 | 16 | 0.335 | .205 |
| Peru | 46.21 | 14.43 | 8.1 | 1.59 | 91 | -0.051 | .630 |
| Philippines | 36.75 | 12.27 | 8.19 | 1.65 | 502 | -0.019 | .678 |
| Poland | 46.44 | 17.09 | 7.43 | 1.77 | 1809 | 0.061 | .010* |
| Puerto Rico | 64 | 16.97 | 9.4 | 0.57 | 2 | - | - |
| Romania | 42.43 | 13.94 | 7.82 | 1.8 | 996 | 0.02 | .535 |
| Russia | 45.02 | 15.47 | 7.44 | 1.87 | 558 | -0.035 | .411 |
| Senegal | 35.82 | 13.08 | 8.34 | 1.65 | 304 | -0.113 | .049* |
| Serbia | 42.92 | 11.86 | 8.24 | 1.65 | 751 | 0.096 | .009* |
| Singapore | 43.02 | 13.73 | 7.39 | 1.67 | 520 | -0.027 | .538 |
| Slovakia | 44.2 | 15.88 | 7.43 | 1.69 | 1255 | 0.034 | .223 |
| South Africa | 39.78 | 13.42 | 8.74 | 1.28 | 580 | 0.007 | .862 |
| South Korea | 41.86 | 13.85 | 6.75 | 1.6 | 491 | -0.024 | .595 |
| Spain | 45.99 | 13.67 | 8.14 | 1.45 | 1077 | 0.16 | < .001** |
| Sweden | 52.94 | 15.38 | 8.11 | 1.48 | 1552 | 0.118 | < .001** |
| Switzerland | 47.94 | 16.65 | 7.18 | 1.77 | 1056 | 0.048 | .122 |
| Taiwan | 43.99 | 13.25 | 6.66 | 1.57 | 833 | 0.073 | .036* |
| Turkey | 37.25 | 15.25 | 7.99 | 1.71 | 1439 | 0.038 | .149 |
| Ukraine | 37.45 | 8.03 | 7.57 | 1.64 | 577 | -0.111 | .008* |
| United Arab Emirates | 31.87 | 8.65 | 8.47 | 1.5 | 183 | -0.006 | .930 |
| United Kingdom | 45.66 | 15.63 | 8.53 | 1.3 | 549 | -0.061 | .150 |
| United States | 44.24 | 16.6 | 7.35 | 1.9 | 1488 | -0.189 | < .001** |
| Uruguay | 52.88 | 13.7 | 8.13 | 1.58 | 49 | 0.247 | .087 |
| Venezuela | 46.53 | 12.97 | 8.4 | 1.79 | 96 | 0.074 | .474 |
Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001
Â
| mean age | SD age | mean symbolization | SD symbolization | N | r | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 47.38 | 15.29 | 5.61 | 2.26 | 721 | 0.151 | < .001** |
| Australia | 46.94 | 17.6 | 5.46 | 2.03 | 2154 | -0.206 | < .001** |
| Austria | 49.77 | 14.14 | 5 | 2.04 | 1391 | 0.098 | < .001** |
| Bangladesh | 31.98 | 10.89 | 6 | 2.19 | 393 | -0.226 | < .001** |
| Belgium | 46.26 | 18.66 | 4.75 | 1.92 | 1157 | 0.157 | < .001** |
| Bolivia | 43.41 | 12.98 | 6.26 | 2 | 29 | 0.389 | .037* |
| Brazil | 37.21 | 14.07 | 6.06 | 2.14 | 1828 | 0.089 | < .001** |
| Bulgaria | 30.67 | 11.12 | 5.25 | 2.36 | 646 | 0.039 | .316 |
| Canada | 43.44 | 17.38 | 5.07 | 1.91 | 963 | -0.073 | .024* |
| Chile | 49.21 | 15.47 | 5.56 | 2.29 | 97 | -0.033 | .750 |
| China | 43.24 | 14.02 | 6.44 | 1.51 | 1030 | 0.07 | .025* |
| Colombia | 40.56 | 15.36 | 5.77 | 2.29 | 1259 | 0.127 | < .001** |
| Costa Rica | 44.64 | 12.73 | 5.62 | 2.38 | 25 | 0.082 | .696 |
| Croatia | 45.95 | 14.55 | 5.05 | 2.02 | 513 | 0.022 | .621 |
| Cuba | 48.65 | 12.73 | 7.09 | 2.53 | 43 | -0.027 | .863 |
| Denmark | 48.69 | 17.54 | 4.53 | 2.05 | 566 | 0.055 | .192 |
| Dominican Republic | 40.39 | 12.46 | 6.93 | 2.19 | 36 | -0.095 | .580 |
| Ecuador | 40.64 | 11.98 | 6.21 | 2.3 | 148 | 0.05 | .550 |
| El Salvador | 46.43 | 11.51 | 4.83 | 3.11 | 28 | 0.222 | .257 |
| Finland | 38.64 | 13.77 | 3.8 | 1.98 | 685 | 0.091 | .017* |
| France | 43.18 | 16.19 | 5.31 | 1.89 | 1116 | -0.093 | .002* |
| Germany | 49.58 | 16.14 | 4.43 | 2.2 | 1587 | -0.049 | .050 |
| Ghana | 31.23 | 7.75 | 4.49 | 2.43 | 206 | -0.21 | .002* |
| Greece | 29.77 | 11.43 | 4.58 | 1.79 | 637 | 0.112 | .005* |
| Guatemala | 44.67 | 13.31 | 6.02 | 2.41 | 48 | 0.182 | .215 |
| Honduras | 39.25 | 14.3 | 7.61 | 1.85 | 24 | -0.075 | .728 |
| Hungary | 48.53 | 16.56 | 5.46 | 2.1 | 505 | 0.051 | .254 |
| India | 32.89 | 11.79 | 5.08 | 2.35 | 633 | -0.074 | .062 |
| Iraq | 31 | 14.15 | 5.79 | 1.89 | 557 | 0 | .995 |
| Ireland | 38.24 | 14.64 | 4.95 | 2.03 | 737 | 0.05 | .172 |
| Israel | 41.14 | 15.25 | 4.98 | 2.04 | 1250 | 0.057 | .045* |
| Italy | 46.68 | 16.7 | 5.88 | 1.94 | 1274 | 0.03 | .289 |
| Japan | 47.09 | 15.23 | 4.43 | 1.73 | 1160 | -0.039 | .188 |
| Latvia | 45.6 | 14.11 | 4.88 | 1.92 | 1006 | 0.029 | .359 |
| Mexico | 47.79 | 13.75 | 6.14 | 2.32 | 1252 | 0.165 | < .001** |
| Morocco | 32.16 | 12.63 | 5.21 | 2.3 | 645 | -0.035 | .379 |
| Nepal | 28.06 | 7.59 | 6.62 | 1.79 | 351 | 0.147 | .006* |
| Netherlands | 49.63 | 16.83 | 4.78 | 1.98 | 1296 | 0.158 | < .001** |
| New Zealand | 45.76 | 17.62 | 5.37 | 1.91 | 510 | -0.09 | .043* |
| Nicaragua | 42.75 | 14.84 | 5.8 | 3.04 | 16 | -0.048 | .861 |
| Nigeria | 32.09 | 10.82 | 7.19 | 1.92 | 527 | 0.063 | .147 |
| North Macedonia | 38.14 | 11.62 | 5.33 | 2.18 | 695 | 0.165 | < .001** |
| Norway | 47.04 | 17.39 | 4.81 | 1.85 | 532 | 0.03 | .497 |
| Pakistan | 26.97 | 8.4 | 6.02 | 1.93 | 479 | 0.073 | .112 |
| Panama | 44.11 | 17.32 | 5.73 | 2.65 | 18 | 0.153 | .545 |
| Paraguay | 38.94 | 9.33 | 6.26 | 2.56 | 16 | 0.335 | .205 |
| Peru | 46.21 | 14.43 | 5.89 | 2.25 | 91 | -0.051 | .630 |
| Philippines | 36.78 | 12.27 | 6.55 | 1.95 | 505 | -0.014 | .748 |
| Poland | 46.44 | 17.09 | 5.46 | 1.93 | 1809 | 0.061 | .010* |
| Puerto Rico | 64 | 16.97 | 7.8 | 1.41 | 2 | - | - |
| Romania | 42.45 | 13.97 | 5.97 | 2.04 | 1000 | 0.022 | .482 |
| Russia | 45.02 | 15.47 | 4.08 | 2.17 | 558 | -0.035 | .411 |
| Senegal | 35.6 | 13.05 | 5.49 | 2.49 | 328 | -0.095 | .087 |
| Serbia | 42.92 | 11.89 | 4.36 | 2.24 | 761 | 0.097 | .007* |
| Singapore | 43.06 | 13.73 | 5.59 | 1.85 | 522 | -0.028 | .517 |
| Slovakia | 44.19 | 15.88 | 5.5 | 2.05 | 1261 | 0.034 | .227 |
| South Africa | 39.9 | 13.42 | 5.85 | 2.18 | 625 | 0.015 | .707 |
| South Korea | 41.86 | 13.84 | 6.09 | 1.48 | 494 | -0.022 | .630 |
| Spain | 46 | 13.68 | 4.97 | 2.01 | 1089 | 0.157 | < .001** |
| Sweden | 52.91 | 15.4 | 4.69 | 2.04 | 1564 | 0.12 | < .001** |
| Switzerland | 47.94 | 16.65 | 4.9 | 1.94 | 1056 | 0.048 | .122 |
| Taiwan | 43.99 | 13.25 | 5.11 | 1.84 | 833 | 0.073 | .036* |
| Turkey | 37.23 | 15.25 | 5.96 | 2.29 | 1448 | 0.037 | .163 |
| Ukraine | 37.45 | 8.03 | 4.38 | 2.26 | 577 | -0.111 | .008* |
| United Arab Emirates | 31.81 | 8.6 | 5.92 | 1.99 | 186 | -0.007 | .923 |
| United Kingdom | 45.66 | 15.62 | 4.54 | 2.06 | 550 | -0.062 | .150 |
| United States | 44.27 | 16.6 | 6.07 | 2.14 | 1493 | -0.189 | < .001** |
| Uruguay | 52.88 | 13.7 | 5.32 | 2.24 | 49 | 0.247 | .087 |
| Venezuela | 46.53 | 12.97 | 6.06 | 2.58 | 96 | 0.074 | .474 |
Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001
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